Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP

Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP: The Next Internet explains why the Internet Protocol (IP) has become the protocol of choice for smart object networks. IP has successfully demonstrated the ability to interconnect billions of digital systems on the global Internet and in private IP networks. Once smart objects can be easily interconnected, a whole new class of smart object systems can begin to evolve. The book discusses how IP-based smart object networks are being designed and deployed.The book is organized into three parts. Part 1 demonstrates why the IP architecture is well suited to smart object networks, in contrast to non-IP based sensor network or other proprietary systems that interconnect to IP networks (e.g. the public Internet of private IP networks) via hard-to-manage and expensive multi-protocol translation gateways that scale poorly. Part 2 examines protocols and algorithms, including smart objects and the low power link layers technologies used in these networks. Part 3 describes the following smart object network applications: smart grid, industrial automation, smart cities and urban networks, home automation, building automation, structural health monitoring, and container tracking.

Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Part 1 The Architecture Chapter 1 What Are Smart Objects? 1.1 Where Do Smart Objects Come From? 1.2 Challenges for Smart Objects 1.3 Conclusions Chapter 2 IP Protocol Architecture 2.1 Introduction 2.2 From NCP to TCP/IP 2.3 Fundamental TCP/IP Architectural Design Principles 2.4 The Delicate Subject of Cross-layer Optimization 2.5 Why Is IP Layering also Important for Smart Object Networks? 2.6 Conclusions Chapter 3 Why IP for Smart Objects? 3.1 Interoperability 3.2 An Evolving and Versatile Architecture 3.3 Stability and Universality of the Architecture 3.4 Scalability 3.5 Configuration and Management 3.6 Small Footprint 3.7 What Are the Alternatives? 3.8 Why Are Gateways Bad? 3.9 Conclusions Chapter 4 IPv6 for Smart Object Networks and the Internet of Things 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Depletion of the IPv4 Address Space 4.3 NAT: A (Temporary) Solution to IPv4 Address Exhaustion 4.4 Architectural Discussion 4.5 Conclusions Chapter 5 Routing 5.1 Routing in IP Networks 5.2 Specifics of Routing in LLNs 5.3 Layer 2 Versus Layer 3 Routing 5.4 Conclusions Chapter 6 Transport Protocols 6.1 UDP 6.2 TCP 6.3 UDP for Smart Objects 6.4 TCP for Smart Objects 6.5 Conclusions Chapter 7 Service Discovery 7.1 Service Discovery in IP Networks 7.2 Service Discovery Protocols 7.3 Conclusions Chapter 8 Security for Smart Objects 8.1 The Three Properties of Security 8.2 Security by Obscurity 8.3 Encryption 8.4 Security Mechanisms for Smart Objects 8.5 Security Mechanisms in the IP Architecture 8.6 Conclusions Chapter 9 Web Services for Smart Objects 9.1 Web Service Concepts 9.2 The Performance of Web Services for Smart Objects 9.3 Pachube: A Web Service System for Smart Objects 9.4 Conclusions Chapter 10 Connectivity Models for Smart Object Networks 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Autonomous Smart Object Networks Model 10.3 The Internet of Things 10.4 The Extended Internet 10.5 Conclusions Part 2 The Technology Chapter 11 Smart Object Hardware and Software 11.1 Hardware 11.2 Software for Smart Objects 11.3 Energy Management 11.4 Conclusions Chapter 12 Communication Mechanisms for Smart Objects 12.1 Communication Patterns for Smart Objects 12.2 Physical Communication Standards 12.3 IEEE 802.15.4 12.4 IEEE 802.11 and WiFi 12.5 PLC 12.6 Conclusions Chapter 13 uIP — A Lightweight IP Stack 13.1 Principles of Operation 13.2 uIP Memory Buffer Management 13.3 uIP Application Program Interface 13.4 uIP Protocol Implementations 13.5 Memory Footprint 13.6 Conclusions Chapter 14 Standardization 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The IETF 14.3 IETF Working Groups Related to IP for Smart Objects 14.4 Conclusions Chapter 15 IPv6 for Smart Object Networks — A Technology Refresher 15.1 IPv6 for Smart Object Networks? 15.2 The IPv6 Packet Headers 15.3 IPv6 Addressing Architecture 15.4 The ICMP for IPv6 15.5 Neighbor Discovery Protocol 15.6 Load Balancing 15.7 IPv6 Autoconfiguration 15.8 DHCPv6 15.9 IPv6 QoS 15.10 IPv6 over an IPv4 Backbone Network 15.11 IPv6 Multicast 15.12 Conclusions Chapter 16 The 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer 16.1 Terminology 16.2 The 6LoWPAN Adaptation Layer 16.3 Conclusions Chapter 17 RPL Routing in Smart Object Networks 17.1 Introduction 17.2 What Is a Low-power and Lossy Network? 17.3 Routing Requirements 17.4 Routing Metrics in Smart Object Networks 17.5 The Objective Function 17.6 RPL: The New Routing Protocol for Smart Object Networks 17.7 Conclusions Chapter 18 The IP for Smart Object Alliance 18.1 Mission and Objectives of the IPSO Alliance 18.2 IPSO Organization 18.3 A Key Activity of the IPSO Alliance: Interoperability Testing 18.4 Conclusions Chapter 19 Non-IP Smart Object Technologies 19.1 ZigBee 19.2 Z-Wave 19.3 Conclusions Part 3 The Applications Chapter 20 Smart Grid 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Terminology 20.3 Core Grid Network Monitoring and Control 20.4 Smart Metering (NAN) 20.5 HAN 20.6 Conclusions Chapter 21 Industrial Automation 21.1 Opportunities 21.2 Challenges 21.3 Use Cases 21.4 Conclusions Chapter 22 Smart Cities and Urban Networks 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Urban Environmental Monitoring 22.3 Social Networks 22.4 Intelligent Transport Systems 22.5 Conclusions Chapter 23 Home Automation 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Main Applications and Use Cases 23.3 Technical Challenges and Network Characteristics 23.4 Conclusions Chapter 24 Building Automation 24.1 BAS Reference Model 24.2 Emerging Building Automation Applications 24.3 Existing Building Automation Systems 24.4 Building Automation Sensors and Actuator Characteristics 24.5 Emerging Smart-Object-based BAS 24.6 Conclusions Chapter 25 Structural Health Monitoring 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Main Applications and Use Case 25.3 Technical Challenges 25.4 Data Acquisition and Analysis 25.5 Future Applications and Outlook 25.6 Conclusions Chapter 26 Container Tracking 26.1 GE CommerceGuard 26.2 IBM Secure Trade Lane 26.3 Conclusions References Index